This article was originally published in USAID’s Climatelinks.

In Ghana, a changing climate is affecting the production of cocoa, one of the country’s major cash crops and its second leading foreign exchange earner. USAID and Winrock International worked together to produce ECO Game: Northern Ghana to provide communities with a better sense of  land use planning and ecosystem services. The purpose of the game is to show players that more sustainable land uses lead to better long-term outcomes. A follow-up, called ECO Game: Ghana Deforestation-Free Cocoa, is currently under development and scheduled for release in late 2019.

Once an indulgence reserved for Mayan rituals or European high society, chocolate has become a treat that millions of people around the world delight in every day. The basis of this enormous industry is the small Theobroma cacao tree, which produces pods along its trunk whose seeds are processed into chocolate. These trees dominate Ghana’s once heavily forested Western Region. The country supplies 20 percent of the world’s cocoa. The commodity forms the backbone of its economy, and is the primary livelihood of over 800,000 Ghanaians.

Yet cocoa yields in Ghana are declining, with already aging farms suffering from exposure to higher temperatures and drier conditions associated with climate change, as well as pests and diseases. Sustaining Ghana’s cocoa industry, and all those who rely on it, requires a landscape-scale approach to rehabilitate farms, protect natural forests to mitigate climate change and bolster resilience, and empower communities to invest in long-term solutions.

Cocoa farm in the western region of Ghana. Photo: Gabriel Sidman

Addressing Threats to Ghanaian Cocoa

USAID’s Supporting Deforestation-Free Cocoa in Ghana Activity is working to accomplish these objectives by combining the financial resources, political will, and public participation to reduce deforestation and promote reforestation by improving tenure security, rehabilitating old and diseased cocoa farms, and promoting participatory community land use planning.

While improving tenure security and the benefits of rehabilitating cocoa farms offer clear, direct benefits to participating communities, the role of natural forests in enhancing long-term mitigation of and resilience against climate change is a harder message to effectively convey. And given the tantalizing draw of gold mining, despite devastating environmental impacts, the imperative to bring to light the value of natural systems is even more critical.

USAID’s Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (AgNRM) project faced this dilemma in northern Ghana, where Winrock International worked to improve sustainable community land use planning. The project completed a technical study on economic benefits and ecosystem services associated with common land uses in the region, yet deep down, we knew that few would read it – not least the farmers in rural communities for whom the information was intended.

A staff member from USAID’s Agriculture and Natural Resource Program discusses impacts of land use changes with community members during Eco Game: Northern Ghana piloting. Photo: Alexandre Grais

Mobilizing a Community With Games

So why not translate results through a game? We learn best through experiences: making decisions, feeling impacts, and then linking cause and effect. Games simulate those experiences, making them a powerful, fun way to learn sometimes complex and interconnected concepts. Not surprisingly, many games have been created by the development community and educators around the world to explain concepts around water management, climate change, and sustainable development. When we first proposed the idea of a game about ecosystem services and land use planning to our local Ghanaian community mobilizer, Martin Yelibora, he was skeptical, arguing that the communities we were working with make decisions based on immediate economic needs or limitations, not on esoteric concepts like ecosystem health and resilience to climate change.

Nevertheless, Martin and his team provided invaluable support in developing the Eco Game: Northern Ghana, where players strategically select land uses to meet community needs and face natural disasters and economic or social chance events with negative or positive outcomes. Over the course of the game, players learn that selecting land uses that involve more sustainable soil, water, and other natural resource management lead to better long-term outcomes.

And soon enough, Martin was a champion of this approach. On a hot, dry day in Ghana, we huddled under a couple of shade trees while Martin introduced the game to more than 40 attentive community members. Their response was overwhelmingly positive, participating enthusiastically and discussing decisions. After the game, we were delighted to hear players have lively discussions about the impact land use choices had on food and energy production, water needs, and resilience.

We are now working to adapt the game approach through the ECO Game: Ghana Deforestation-Free Cocoa. In this game, players interactively explore challenges and balance the tradeoffs associated with rehabilitating cocoa farms and maintaining forest cover in a landscape where land is scarce, and the boom-or-bust draw of gold mining offers short-term gains. Simultaneously, players grapple with insecure land tenure, regional social and economic forces, and the realities of the climate crisis. We are in the final stages of development, and Martin is eager to roll it out in late 2019.

Click here for more information on the Eco Game.

“Between 1962 and 2016, Peru lost over 54 percent of its total glacial area.”

“More intense rain events are expected, especially during El Niño years, increasing the risks of floods and landslides.”

These were among the sobering facts about climate change that my team and I presented during workshops we delivered on behalf of the U.S. State Department-funded Private Investment in Enhanced Resilience (PIER) project in Peru recently. The PIER project is working in Peru and other countries to increase private financing for measures that bolster resilience against climate change.

In Peru — a remarkably diverse country already suffering from increased temperatures, shifts in precipitation patterns, and more frequent and intense weather events — we’re supporting the government in identifying new ways to apply its existing Obras por Impuestos  (“Works for Taxes”) program. Obras por Impuestos, also known as Oxi, allows private companies to directly finance and implement priority public investment projects in lieu of paying income taxes. Climate resilience has not been an important component in the mechanism — yet.

We worked with the Peruvian Agency for the Promotion of Private Investment (ProInversión) and the Alliance for Obras por Impuestos (ALOXI) to organize a series of workshops in the cities of Lima, Huaraz and Cusco to help participants better understand climate impacts and ways that investments could be made more climate-resilient. Participants included ProInversión staff based throughout Peru, public servants at both the national and regional level, and representatives of ALOXI member companies.

During these workshops, I could sense that participants were uneasy about the sobering information I was presenting. So my colleagues Glen Anderson and Roger Salhuana and I helped them explore how private and public actors can help reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience.

We primarily explored the types of infrastructure projects that would qualify under the Oxi mechanism:

1) Reduced exposure to climate change impacts, such as relocating infrastructure to safer areas and accounting for climate risks when selecting sites for new infrastructure;

2) Reduced sensitivity to climate change impacts, such as design changes in infrastructure to reduce damages when exposed to disasters such as floods and landslides; and

3) Enhanced adaptive capacity to avoid, confront, or recover from climate change impacts, such as by augmenting water supply through infrastructure to collect and store rainwater and glacial meltwater to better prepare for periods of water scarcity.

I walked away feeling energized by the participants’ enthusiasm for the proposed solutions and their eagerness to begin thinking about how to address climate risks.

The PIER team is currently in discussions with ProInversión, ALOXI and other workshop participants about the next steps to promote resilient Oxi projects as well as other public-private partnerships (PPPs)  — including capacity-building to incorporate climate considerations in investments, developing criteria for assessing climate risks in PPPs, and working with regional partners to promote resilience in specific Oxi projects.

There are still many hurdles to tackle before climate adaptation is mainstreamed into private sector investments in Peru, but I’m hopeful these workshops served as a meaningful step in increasing the use of public and private resources to improve resilience in this vibrant country.